APPLICATION OF STANDARD INDICATORS FOR THE QUANTIFICATION OF SDGS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS

. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are an initiative promoted by the United Nations and assumed by most of the countries of the world. They are made up of 17 objectives with 169 goals and 232 indicators. The universities in charge of training professionals play a fundamental role, since they must train graduates who are capable of integrating the SDGs in the projects they carry out in their professional lives. To do this, an attempt is made to integrate the SDGs in the subjects that complete the teaching plans of the degrees. In the group of traditional engineering, Civil Engineering is a fundamental tool to advance towards the achievement of the SDGs proposed by the United Nations, since it is the one that provides the basic infrastructures that determine the quality of life of populations. In this context, in the EscuelaTecnica Superior of Ingenieria Civil of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, the metrics corresponding to some of the SDGs are being implemented in the subjects that make up the degree. Based on the indications of the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (INECP), prepared by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, a procedure has been developed to measure the different indicators of certain SDGs within the activities of the subject called Environmental Impact Assessment. Evaluating and quantifying the degree of compliance of elements that have a high degree of subjectivity is a complicated task. Procedures are used to measure Energy Efficiency, GHG calculation, water footprint, pollutant emissions, introduction to the calculation of exergies of the different processes and standardized methodologies based on AHP (analytical hierarchy process) for evaluation and decision making. It consists of a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on human perception and the TOPSIS method (Technique of order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution) of multi-criteria decision analysis for information processing. This methodology aims to standardize and objectify the calculations of compliance with the SDGs in the subjects of Civil Engineering and for this the way of working is the development of the metrics of several indicators, the ones we are using at the moment are number


INTRODUCTION
The SDGs were approved by all member states of the United Nations in September 2015 as part of the so-called 2030 Agenda.This Agenda is made up of 17 goals, defined by a total of 169 targets that aim to eradicate poverty, protect the planet and improve the living conditions and future prospects of all human beings, following on from the Millennium Development Goals (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015).[1] It is therefore a unique opportunity to lay the foundations for a global transformation that will lead to inclusive and sustainable development models.It is a universal, transformative and comprehensive agenda that is seen as a complex, coordinated and far-reaching response to the challenges and opportunities of a global world characterized by interdependence, transnationalization and the emergence of new forms of inequality.[1] One of the characteristics of the Agenda is that it must be applied not only by States, but also by all social actors: national and local governments, companies, civil society associations, universities and educational centers.This collaboration is based on the principle of shared and differentiated responsibility: all actors are considered to be responsible, but the level of responsibility is proportional to the capabilities and resources of each actor involved.
In this context, we must bear in mind the commitment that universities make to society, which involves both teaching and research.Therefore, both university teaching and research must be subordinated to meet the needs that society demands at any given time.In short, to the achievement of the improvement of local and global society.In terms of formal education, for example, university students should develop both as competent professionals and as engaged citizens of society..

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A través de la docencia formal, las universidades deben dotar a sus estudiantes del conocimiento y las competencias suficientes para que puedan desempeñar sus carretas profesionales teniendo en cuenta los ODS que ayudaran a cambiar la sociedad.Además, las universidades deben incorporar los ODS, en la actividad investigadora, y actuar como agentes que intervendrán en las transformaciónes sociales que demandan los ODS [3].In this sense, the 2030 Agenda sets ambitious goals that should be used as a reference in all areas of university life.
Civil engineering is the discipline responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of public infrastructure..The work of civil engineers has been present in our daily life for thousands of years: highways and streets, airports, public parking lots, bridges, etc...In other words, some of the most important infrastructures of our world owe their creation to the principles and development of civil engineering.
In a changing world, engineering, as a multidisciplinary discipline, must adapt to the new challenges of the present and future.These challenges include the SDGs, which can be summarized as the new needs of the population and their adaptation to a more sustainable world.
The pursuit of sustainability is one of the fundamental points included in the SDGs and is part of most of its goals.In today's civil engineering is one of the main objectives.This is how the concept of "sustainable civil engineering" came about.[4].
The term sustainability, in general, refers to meeting the needs of the present "without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".[5] and ensuring a balance between economic growth, environmental care and social welfare.
When we apply the term sustainable to civil engineering, we are referring to projects in which objectives such as cost, quality or timeframe must be established according to the principles of sustainability, as stated in the SDGs.In general: -Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).Sustainable engineering projects are designed and planned with utility in mind, but also for future deconstruction or change of use.This includes designing with the useful life of the infrastructure in mind and returning the products used (materials, soil, etc.) to their original state.
-Application of sustainability criteria in all phases of the project.All phases of a sustainable civil engineering project must be established from a global and integrating vision..
-Collaboration of the different actors involved.Civil engineering is one of the branches of knowledge that has more fields of action within its competences and joint work is key to achieve sustainable projects.
-Assessment of the social environment in construction.This implies taking into account the indirect user of the infrastructure, i.e., the people who will live directly with the new civil engineering construction.
The main challenges, included in the 2030 Agenda, facing sustainable civil engineering are: -Maintenance and improvement of existing structures: Over time, constructions such as bridges and roads deteriorate, causing serious structural failures.For this reason, especially in developed countries, sustainable civil engineering is not so much about building new infrastructure as it is about maintaining existing infrastructure in good condition.This implies carrying out repairs following principles of sustainability in the choice of materials, project design, construction execution, etc.
-Achieving an industrialized and sustainable construction system: The civil construction sector is slowly industrializing.And although the efficiency and speed of the sector has improved a lot in recent years, each project has different characteristics and construction conditions.Improving this aspect can have a positive impact on economic aspects, but also on the reduction of execution times, occupational safety or the reduction of pollution in civil engineering projects.
-Reduction of environmental impact: Sustainable civil engineering projects must be planned following models that allow restricting the consumption of fossil resources.To reduce this environmental impact, sustainable materials will be chosen, renewable energies will be used and new technologies will be applied in its design (Building Information Modeling (BIM), [6], 3D modeling, Big Data, etc.).
-Adaptation to vertical cities and "intelligent" buildings: Since large cities can no longer grow horizontally, they will have to grow upwards, i.e. "vertically".Sustainable civil engineering must adapt to a new urban conception in which cities will be denser (more population in the same space) and more compact.Saving drinking water and reducing the public transport network will be some of the major challenges facing civil engineering in the future.
This article will address a way to objectively measure the degree of compliance with the SDGs in a civil engineering project, approaching it from the point of view of engineering and emphasizing three fundamental SDGs:  SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy.Renewable energies have become the future.Civil Engineering develops the necessary infrastructures to obtain them, as well as the necessary mechanisms for their processing and supply to the population..  SDG 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure.Civil Engineering is presented as the great agent of change in the achievement of sustainable infrastructures that bring economic development and social welfare to present and future societies.For this reason, it relies on new technologies, such as BIM, which increase the effectiveness of the changes..  SDG 11.Sustainable cities and communities.The new mobility requires new infrastructures and urban planning adapted to the needs of citizens increasingly demanding healthy living conditions.. With all these premises, this communication will address some of the proposals to evaluate and quantify the degree of compliance with these SDGs presented by civil engineering projects.By trying to introduce metrics and parametrization of the objectives

METHODOLOGY
Based on the indications of the Spanish National Plan prepared by the Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, a procedure has been developed for the measurement of the different indicators of certain SDGs within the activities of the subject called Environmental Impact Assessment..
Evaluating and quantifying the degree of compliance of elements that have a high degree of subjectivity is a complicated task.We use procedures for measuring Energy Efficiency, GHG calculation, water footprint, pollutant emissions, introduction to the calculation of exergies of the different processes and standardized methodologies based on AHP (analytical hierarchy process) for evaluation and decision making.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator(free version) [7].It consists of a structured technique for organizing and analyzing complex decisions, based on human perception and the TOPSIS.[8]( Technique of preference order by similarity to the ideal solution) multi-criteria decision analysis method for information processing.
This methodology aims to standardize and objectify the calculations of compliance with the SDGs in Civil Engineering projects, so that students can take them as a guide when they have to develop real projects in their professional life.The work has consisted in the development of the metrics of several indicators, for the SDGs that have more relation with the Environmental Impact Studies that we develop in the subject "Environmental Impact Assessment".SDGs 7, 9 and 11 have been included in the study..
The work method that has been developed follows five steps:  Step 1: Analyze the 17 UN goals, paying special attention to the 3 goals listed above (goals 7, 9 and 11).

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Step 2: Review the 5 work areas of the national plan and review the working diagram relating the sections of these areas to objectives 7, 9 and 11.
 Step 3: Analyze the work procedures according to the corresponding ISO international standards, such as ISO14000 and ISO50000.
 Step 4: Quantify the chosen parameters to build the indicator tables To introduce the social perception of the selected aspects we use the AHP method.

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Step 5: Use a standardized procedure for solution evaluation based on a standardized methodology.We use the TOPSIS methodology of distance to ideal solution and distance to anti-ideal solution.

Step 1
It will consist of analyzing the 17 UN SDGs, paying special attention to the 3 goals indicated above (goals 7, 9 and 11).The development of the points follows the criteria indicated by the United Nations.
The main objectives for each of the selected SDGs will be highlighted at this stage.Tables 1, 2 and 3 show the targets and indicators that will serve as the basis for the quantification of SDGs 7, 9 and 11 respectively.

Step 2
It consists of reviewing the 5 work areas of the "NationaL Integrated Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030" and reviewing the work diagram that relates the sections of these areas to goals 7, 9 and 11.The five work areas are: decarbonization, energy efficiency, security, research and innovation, internal market.Tables 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 9 develop the measures and the SDGs involved in each of them.Promoting renewable gases 7 Technological modernization plan for existing renewable energy power generation projects.

7,9
Specific programs for the use of biomass 7,9 Unique projects and strategy for sustainable energy on the islands 7,9 Local energy communities 7,9 Promoting the proactive role of citizens in decarbonization

Step 3
It consists of analyzing the work procedures according to the corresponding ISO international standards, such as ISO14000, ISO50000 and adapting them to the projects..

ISO 14000 Family of Standards:
The ISO 14000 family refers to a series of standards related to the management of environmental systems, which are related to protection, prevention, pollution and socioeconomic needs.Its aim is to facilitate the management of procedures and to standardize them worldwide.Within this family, the following stand out: -ISO 14001 Standard, which describes the components that an Environmental Management System must have.
-ISO 14004 contains general guidelines on systems and support techniques.It guides the company during the implementation, maintenance and continuous improvement of an EMS, as well as its coordination.
-ISO 14010 and 14011, establishes the general principles on environmental audits that apply to all environmental audit reviews.
-ISO 14012 establishes the fundamental criteria for qualifying auditors.
-ISO 14013 standard, a guide for consultation when taking the certification examination.
-ISO 14014 standard, guide for the initial review of all EMSs.
-ISO 14015, a guide containing the criteria necessary to carry out a site assessment.
-ISO 14031, thanks to this standard, it is possible to evaluate the performance of the environment and develop the necessary tools to achieve the environmental objectives.
-ISO 14032 standard, this standard generates a guide of specific indicators for the industrial sector.
-ISO 14060, this standard generates a guide with which environmental aspects can be included in the products made by the organization Family of ISO 50000 Standards: These standards are dedicated to Energy Management and are based on a continuous improvement management system.Within this group, the ones we will relate to civil engineering projects are as follows: -ISO 50001: 2018 -Sistemas de gestión de la energía y sus requisitos.
-ISO 50003: 2014, Energy management systems -Requirements for bodies providing auditing and certification of energy management systems.
-ISO 50004: 2014, Energy management systems -Guidance for the implementation, maintenance and improvement of an energy management system.
-ISO 50006: 2014, Energy management systems -Measurement of energy performance using energy baselines (EnB) and energy performance indicators (EnPI) -general principles and guidance.
-ISO 50007: 2017, Energy services: Guidelines for the assessment and improvement of energy service to users.
-ISO 50008: 2018, Building energy data management for energy performance Guidance for a systemic data exchange approach.
-ISO 50015: 2014, Energy management systems.Measurement and verification of energy performance of organizations.Principles, general and guidance.
-ISO 50021: 2019, Energy management and energy savings.They provide general guidelines for the selection of energy savings assessors.
-ISO 50045: 2019, Technical guidelines for the assessment of energy savings in thermal power plants.
-ISO 50046: 2019, General methods for quantification of predicted energy savings (PrES) -ISO 50047: 2016, Energy savings.Determination of energy savings in organizations.
All these tools make it possible to offer different points of view on the issues, facilitate implementation and manage decision making..

Step 4
It will consist of quantifying the parameters chosen to build the data tables.The AHP method has been used to introduce the social perception of the selected aspects.

Step 5
To evaluate the solutions adopted in the Project, a standardized methodology, the TOPSIS method, will be used to evaluate the distance to the ideal solution and to the anti-ideal solution.

RESULTS
The methodology was developed at the end of last year.It will be implemented this year among students taking the Environmental Impact Studies course.Nevertheless, the expected results are as follows: Through the proposed indicators, it is expected to obtain a numerical value that expresses the degree of compliance with the SDG involved in the engineering project.
This will allow comparisons to be made between different projects, and will help managers to make decisions.

CONCLUSIONS
The methodology presented is based on the standardization and objectification of the calculations of SDG compliance in Civil Engineering projects.
The work has consisted in the development of metrics of several indicators for the SDGs that are most related to civil engineering projects studied in the subject "Environmental Impact Assessment".SDGs 4-Quantification of the parameters chosen to build the indicator tables, according in each case to the type of project in question.Introducing the social perception of the selected aspects using the AHP method.
5-Use of a standardized procedure for the evaluation of the solutions adopted, using the TOPSIS methodology.
This methodology is expected to greatly facilitate the assessment of the implementation of SDGs 7, 9 and 11 in civil engineering projects.

7 ,
9 and 11 have been included in the study.The work has been developed following 5 steps: 1-Analysis of the 17 SDGs with special attention to those most frequently related to civil engineering projects 7, 9 and 11 2-2-Review of the 5 work areas of the NationaL Integrated Energy and Climate Plan 2021-2030 and their relationship with SDGs 7, 9 and 11 3-Analysis of the work procedures indicated in the corresponding ISO International Standards (ISO 14000 and ISO50000))

Table 1 :
targets and indicators for SDG 7Ensuring access to affordable, reliable,

sustainable and modern energy for everyone Targets Indicators 7
.1 Ensuring universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services for all percentage of population with access to electricity 7.2 Substantially increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix 7.b.Expand infrastructure and improve technology to provide modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, small Installed renewable energy generation capacity in developing countries (in watts per capita) island developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective support programmes.Table 2: targets and indicators for SDG 9 Industry, Innovation and infrastructure Targets Indicators 9.1.Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, including regional and transboundary infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all Proportion of rural population living within 2 km of a road for the whole season

Table 3 :
targets and indicators for SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities Targets Indicators 11.1.Ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services, and improve slums Share of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing

Table 4 :
measures to be adopted and SDGs involved

Table 5 :
actions to be taken and SDGs involved

Table 6 :
actions to be taken and SDGs involved

Table 7 :
actions to be taken and SDGs involved