La microbiota intestinal y su papel en el cáncer

Abstract

In our body, there are a multitude of microorganisms found in different locations such as the digestive tract, skin, lungs... that coexist, interact and communicate with our cells. This is what is known as the human microbiota. Part of the microbiota inhabits the digestive tract and plays a fundamental role in maintaining the homeostasis of the organism. In recent years, the intestinal microbiota has been the focus of many studies, since it is suspected to be the key to various types of pathologies. This paper aims to provide an updated review of the advances in knowledge about the intestinal microbiota and its role in the development of cancer. It will explained which components form this microbial ecosystem as well as the process of formation and modification throughout the life of the individual. The interactions with the host immune system, the different types of cancers with which the intestinal microbiota and its alterations are directly linked as well as the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenic microorganisms will be clarified. Given its importance at the clinical level, an analysis of the use of certain microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract or biomolecules derived from them as biomarkers associated with cancer will be presented, as well as the role that the intestinal microbiome has in the pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Finally, recent advances in clinical research on the modification of the gut microbiota to treat cancer will be presented.